instarmac tarmac repair. Tarmac & Pothole Repair We offer a range of permanent pothole repair & pothole filler materials such as Ultracrete Permanent Pothole Repair, instant tarmac including Ultracrete Instant Road Repair 6 & 10mm, cold joint sealants, line marker paints and anti-skid patch repair. instarmac tarmac repair

 
Tarmac & Pothole Repair We offer a range of permanent pothole repair & pothole filler materials such as Ultracrete Permanent Pothole Repair, instant tarmac including Ultracrete Instant Road Repair 6 & 10mm, cold joint sealants, line marker paints and anti-skid patch repairinstarmac tarmac repair  5030349010328

Tags: Instarmac Instant Pothole Repair, Tarmac Repair, Road Repair Kit. To be primed with RIW Sheetseal Primer. Use with SCJ Seal and Tack spray for a permanent repair. Read full description. Quickview. Excellence abrasion and impact resistance. MeonUK. Suitable for planned repairs. 37. Conforms to BS EN 1436:2007 as a road marking material. Pre-blended cementitious component with polymer liquid. It can be applied from depths of 12mm to 100mm, depending on application. Success has been sustained through our ambitious nature and our determination to continually improve. Instarmac Instant Pothole Repair: Instarmac Instant Pothole Repair: Amazon. Improves bond. Sealant 1. BS 7533 compliant for paving construction. The product can be trafficked instantly in wet, freezing and hot conditions and at the same time is compatible with the existing road surface. 50 Ex. It is ideal for use with small utility excavations, backfilling poles, water metres and water tobies. Bitumen sealer that is applied onto the surface base and vertical edges before the application of asphalt or pothole repair. $ 57. For more information on Instarmac and these innovative materials, please visit Alternatively, you can call Instarmac's International sales team on +44 (0) 1827 871871. Tarmac, a combination of aggregate and tar (or later, bitumen) is short for tarmacadam, and was patented in 1902 by Edgar Purnell Hooley. By: Instarmac Group plc Nov. Instagrip is ideal for the patching and reinstating of high friction areas after maintenance work has taken place. Tough Patch® 10mm grade is a rapid curing, permanent cold-lay surfacing material (PCSM) suitable for permanent repairs in type 3 & 4 roads and temporary / emergency repairs in higher category roads. Tarmac Cold lay Ready mixed Macadam Bag - B&Q for all your home and garden supplies and advice on all the latest DIY trends. uk for more information on availability as, due to the extensive range, we are unable to list all Instarmac products. Resealable tubs. Ultracrete SCJ Cold Joint Spray. Walling: UltraScape cempoint is a cementitious thixotropic mortar designed for gun injection which provides a clean efficient solution for the pointing and repointing many types of brickwork and masonry facades. Blue Circle High Strength (40N) Ready to Use Concrete 20kg. M45 is ideal for use with all access covers, emergency concrete road repairs, bedding and profiling of kerbs and tidal repair projects. Sort by: Relevance. Formulated to seal & waterproof reinstatement vertical edges. We are proud of what we have achieved. £264. As a result of this, we have also now upgraded the County’s Code of Practice for Ironwork so that the use of HAPAS & CD534 materials are specified. Excellence abrasion and impact resistance. A tarmac repair should be carried out once the tarmac has been pressure cleaned and given time to dry. Next . Fast installation. HAPAS Approved since 2002, it is instantly trafficable causing minimal disruption to pedestrians and road users. It is ideal to be used on utility reinstatement's in roads, drives, car parks and footpaths. Reapply cold joint spray to the edges and base, add another layer and tamp again. High early strength gain. Pack quantity. M45 conforms to HD27/04 and can be opened to traffic in 45 minutes. M60 is a market leading rapid strength mortar, for use with all access covers, as well as for the bonding of granite setts, flags and bedding kerbs. If the pothole is clean but water has collected in it, PPR Wet can be applied. For larger holes, spray more cold joint spray into the hole, and add an additional layer of pothole repair. Instarmac Marketing Marketing Team for the UltraCrete, UltraScape, UltraTile, UltraFloor and Wondertex brandsFull preparation and mixing instructions can be found on the product data sheet. View. Tarmac & Pothole Repair We offer a range of permanent. A thick water-based acrylic paint style coating that seals, resurfaces, and transforms damaged, worn, and drab asphalt and concrete. BBB Rating: A+. uk. It offers the benefits of an instant, first time permanent reinstatement, which when compacted, can be trafficked immediately. 5m² per 15kg tub assuming smooth surface. Through consultation with contractors and clients, it was identified that early treatment of defects in carriageways of thin surface asphalt repairs, would prevent formation of costly potholes and associated risks. Moreover, if. When deciding which is the best solution for you, consider the scale of the repairs to be carried out and how much use the surface gets on a regular basis. The product can be trafficked instantly in wet, freezing and hot conditions and at the same time is compatible with the existing road surface. Explore our high quality pothole. Buy Instarmac UltraCrete RSC (Rapid Setting Cement). 40 Inc. uk Website: instarmac. This is risky process to undertake and produces an untidy joint. $ 57. It is a resin which must be heat to 180 degrees Celsius to melt. Walling: UltraScape cempoint is a cementitious thixotropic mortar designed for gun injection which provides a clean efficient solution for the pointing and repointing many types of brickwork and masonry facades. Depth: 30 – 100mm. Unit 1-3, Fishwicks Industrial Estate Kilbuck Lane St. Permanent Pothole Repair: Cold Lay Asphalt. co. between 24hrs and 4 days. Developed. The reputable manufacturer and distributor are also dedicated to supporting. It conforms to CD534 and is also BT LN550 and LN320 compliant. 4 M2 1. SCJ is a cold joint sealer that is applied onto vertical edges and surface base before the application of asphalt. Instarmac International’s Canadian partner, Da-Lee Pavement Products, have supplied Instarmac’s Manhole Installation System to the City of Niagara Falls Water Department to repair several failed manholes in the area. Enviro Mastic completes the UltraCrete portfolio of repair solutions for bituminous surfaces, making UltraCrete the ‘go to’ brand for all road repair solutions. Sponsored Instant Road Repair 6 mm Cold Lay Asphalt Concrete . £42. Product Info Sheet. UltraCrete Enviro Mastic Hot Mastic Asphalt 20kg x 50 Bag (Full Pallet Offer) £ 999. Free next day express delivery. Ultracrete Instant Road Repair is a cold lay asphalt that repairs roads instantly, causing minimal disruption to motorists. Following recent product trials of. Tarmac takes its name from its predecessor, macadam, which was a similar road-laying material made solely of compacted crushed stone. Workability: 7 minutes. We have a solid reputation based on research, development and production of innovative materials for use in highway maintenance, large-scale and domestic paving schemes, tiling, commercial flooring and internal finishing markets. Instarmac’s Manhole Installation System is made up Envirobed HA104® high performance bedding mortar, QC10 F rapid set flowable concrete, Permanent Road Repair cold lay asphalt and SCJ seal and. It has been HAPAS Approved since 2012 and prevents water ingress immediately, prolonging the life of your repair. No matter the location, the weather, or. £28. Shop Asphalt Repair Shop Pressure Washers. Instant Road Repair 10mm is a HAPAS Approved Permanent Cold-Lay Surfacing Asphalt & Pothole Repair in a bag – for first time permanent repairs in type 3 & 4 roads. 4,257 followers. Set time: 6 hours. Quick and easy to apply. Instagrip: Anti-Skid Patch Repair. Instarmac's Ultracrete is a proven and trusted range and includes first time. (Greater depths can. HAPAS approved since 2002, Instant Road Repair offers a first time permanent repair and is instantly trafficable causing minimal disruption to motorists. Helens WA11 9SZ Tel: 08454 530 017 Fax: 01744 830002Shop our collection of internal head restraints today or get in touch if you have more specific requirements. £0. Available in red for repairs to cushions, ramps, cycle tracks and bus stops. Application for a Pothole Repair 1. Simple and economical to apply. Our range of high quality tarmac build & repair products and asphalt build & repair products are manufactured by brand names such as Tremco illbruck, Fosroc, FEB Building Products, Geocel Geochem and Sika Everbuild. £ 19. It has exceptional abrasion resistance and is designed for use as a finished wear surface in both industrial and commercial applications. A thick water-based acrylic paint style coating that seals, resurfaces, and transforms damaged, worn, and drab asphalt and concrete. Envirobed® CD534 (formerly HA104) has been HAPAS Approved since 2005 and conforms to CD534. 3. HAPAS approved since 2005, M60 also conforms to HD27/04, has a rapid strength gain and can be opened to traffic in 1 hour. Instarmac UltraCrete M90 All Purpose, Fast Set Mortar is ideal for bedding access covers and general repairs. co. 6mm asphalt concrete can be used to repair holes up to 60mm deep in cycle tracks and footpaths. 95 Ex. co. Calculation based on 1. This general purpose mortar conforms to HD27/04, and a rapid strength gain and can be opened to traffic in 90 minutes. UltraCrete Instagrip 15kg Tub. Used directly from the can, ULTIPATCH Edgemaster completely covers the whole area and its CFC-free propellant ensures. Easy to apply with no return visits required. 6. Ex VAT. HAPAS approved since 2005, M60 also conforms to HD27/15, has a rapid strength gain and can be opened to traffic in 1 hour. UltraFloor Level IT Super30 is suitable for depths between 2-15mm. Allow the entire area to dry thoroughly. Cut a neat, vertical ‘picture frame’ around the pothole using a circular saw. Instarmac International, and their Canadian partner Da-Lee Pavement Products, are delighted to announce that world renowned Instarmac Permanent Road Repair® is now approved for use by City of Winnipeg. UltraFloor Level IT Renovate is suitable for the refurbishment of existing internal and external floors and is suitable for use on both commercial and domestic applications. UltraCrete Instaline. 95 £ 37. HAPAS approved since 2002, Instant Road Repair offers a first time permanent repair and is instantly trafficable causing minimal disruption to pedestrians and motorists. Flowcon is a high specification, flowable C40 concrete in a bag, ideal for applications with limited site access where bulk concrete cannot be delivered. SRV ≥ 88. Flowcon is easily transportable and boasts a high compressive strength of 55N/mm². Ultibed Concrete is a pre-blended, one part, rapid setting concrete designed to complement the Ultibed range of bedding mortars and is formulated for use in the backfill of carriageway ironwork, post and barrier erection or bridge deck repair. 09N/mm² tensile strength at 28 days. Depth: 20mm – 200mm. Suitable for planned and reactive repairs. £15. 94 + VAT. Application method. uk 01/H060 website: Product Sheet 2 INSTARMAC PERMANENT COLD LAY SURFACING MATERIALS ULTRACRETE. Apply UltraFloor Prime IT MSP diluted 3:1 with clean water and allow to dry fully (1-2 hours). For more information on Instarmac and these innovative materials, please visit Alternatively, you can call Instarmac's International sales team on +44 (0) 1827 871871. Our range of UltraCrete products includes instant road repair, bedding mortars, precision grouts and more. VAT. If you require a product that is not listed then call our office on 08454 530 017 or contact us by email at Info@completeconstructionproducts. Explore our high quality pothole repair products. Use with our Instarmac Instant Pothole Repair and Instarmac Instant Pothole Repair Edge Sealant for a professional, even finish. Ex VAT. It offers the benefits of an instant, first time permanent restoration, which when compacted, can be trafficked immediately. 03 View Product. 1. Just spray the ozone-friendly sealant on and the pothole repair is immediately waterproof and protected from the damage of freezing and thawing. Ideally suited for use on bituminous /asphalt and cementitious paving and road substrates. If the pothole is clean but water has collected in it, PPR Wet can be applied. £23. concrete repair, streetscape, tiling and commercial flooring industries. Contact Us Da-Lee Group, 350 Jones Road, Stoney Creek, ON L8E 5N2, Canada6mm Ultracrete Instant Road Repair - 25KG - Black. Free next day express delivery. Can be used as a tack coat by spraying. 04 Ex. This single part post mix is pre-blended for easy use and has a rapid setting time of 15 minutes. HAPAS approved since 2002. Instaband ECO® has been designed for the application to asphalt roads to prevent water ingress and progressive fretting. Buy your Instarmac Instant Pothole Repair Kit online with Seton. Remains flexible and easy to un-roll in temperatures as low as 5°C. It is a solution adapted to our weather conditions for our roads, highways, bridges, tunnels, pedestrian trails and parking areas. Instarmac Permanent Pothole Repair® is a cold asphalt technology which has been continuously developed and perfected over the past 40 years to provide a first time permanent pothole repair. Depth: 30mm – 250mm. It gained HAPAS Approved in 2002, and is. 68. Depth: 10-50mm. K. UltraCrete Instant Road Repair® 10mm grade is designed for permanent repairs in type 3 and 4 roads. For repairs to roads or car parks, we would recommend using ULTIPATCH POTHOLE our BBA HAPAS accredited cold-lay asphalt for fast, permanent road repairs. QC6 is supplied pre-blended in 25kg bags and tubs, containing special cements and a 6mm graded aggregate. It offers superior compressive, tensile and flexural strengths in 3 hours and can be opened to traffic in 1 hour. The products have been used for a number of manhole reinstatements across West Malaysia. Workability: 60 minutes. Requires no special preparation to the. Workability: 5 – 10 minutes. While hot repairs may be beyond your expertise, most individuals can do temporary or cold asphalt repair. Both the Instarmac Instant Pothole Repair and the Draper Tarmac Tamper are sold separately; For a more economical solution to pothole repair see the Instarmac Instant Pothole Repair Kit - sold separately; Instant Pothole Repair has been approved as 'fit for purpose' use by the Highways Authority Product Approval Scheme (HAPAS)Instarmac Ultra Floor Level IT Base is a rapid setting and hardening, high strength, single part, cementitious smoothing underlayment incorporating recycled raw materials. Remove loose tarmac from the hole. Uniclass Name : Skin products. £23. VAT. It is perfect for use on pedestrian crossings, junctions, roundabouts, footbridges, subways, steel plates and manhole covers. Specifications / Characteristics. Prolong the life of your repair and. Instarmac Ultracrete Instant Road Repair 6mm Grade Bag/Tub 25kg. Its superior compressive, tensile and flexural strengths make it ideal for use in heavily trafficked / wheel track locations. Can be used in all weathers. Call 01827 254 400. UltraCrete Instant Road Repair 10mm is an instant cold lay tarmac, designed for permanent repairs in type 3 and 4 roads, footways, footpaths and cycle tracks. uk or calling +44 (0) 1827 254402. 2 RELEVANT IDENTIFIED USES AND USES . Vista Vista VHR Head Restraint - Box of 50. Professional grade Easy mix Fast set 41N/mm² compressive strength Two-part mix Please note: This product is subject to a minimum order quantity of 2 x pallet layers of 56 x 25kg Bags (112 x 25kg Bags in total). VAT. - instantly trafficable, even for heavy vehicles. ProPrimer – the multi-surface primer. Suitable for the repair of potholes in roads, driveways and car parks, Permanent Pothole Repair Wet can withstand hydraulic stress and is instantly trafficable. 2008 saw the next step in Larsen’s continued growth with the completion of a purpose-built manufacturing facility in the Port of Belfast. QC10 is a rapid setting concrete designed for thick section repairs, haunching reinstatements, ironwork backfilling and commercial sign/post installation. - April 11, 2017 - PRLog-- Instarmac's Canadian representative, Matt Kinson, recently visited British Columbia to carry out demonstrations of world renowned Permanent Pothole Repair with The City of Vancouver, The City of Victoria, the Township of Langley, as well as JPW Road & Bridges Inc. Use with SCJ Seal and Tack spray for a. Use with SCJ Seal and Tack spray for a permanent repair. uk Colour black Coverage 63lm per 13 kg unit, based on a 40mm wideInstarmac Permanent Road Repair Applications Instarmac Permanent Road Repair 6mm, is a Permanent Cold Lay Surfacing Asphalt Concrete for first time permanent repairs in asphalt. £99. Ultracrete Permanent Pothole Repair WET 25kg Tub. 4,257 followers. Vista Vista VIR Internal Head Restraint. (1. Instarmac UltraFloor Level It Top is a polymer rich, high strength, single part, cementitious smoothing underlayment incorporating recycled raw materials. Data sheetsHomeData sheetsAll downloadsCertificatesSafety data sheetsData sheetsDoPBulk Asphalt / Aggregates CertBulk & Packed Cement & Lime CertMortar, Blocks, Screed and Packed MarkingBrochuresContractor guidesSupplier Accreditation Information DSM Natural Colours Data Sheet TRUSCREED Ultra Pro Data Sheet. Makes Old Tarmac Surfaces Look Like New (20L) 4. 5 x 25kg Tub Instant Pothole Repair. M60 is our market leading rapid strength mortar, for use with all access covers, as well as for the bonding of granite setts, flags and bedding kerbs. Suitable for use in extreme temperatures. There. It gained HAPAS Approved in 2002, and is instantly trafficable causing minimal disruption to pedestrians. Black (3) Concrete Grey (1) Grey (1) N/A. Used in ALL weathers, climates and temperatures. UltraCrete Instant Road Repair 6mm 25KG Tub. This fast setting mortar has a rapid strength gain and an excellent workable. Easier to compact. UltraCrete Enviro Mastic is a PTS PAS approved, rubber-modified hot applied mastic asphalt that offers superior performance in hot tarmac applications. Pothole Repair can be applied at depths up to 100mm. HAPAS approved since 2005, M60 also conforms to HD27/04, has a rapid strength gain and can be opened to traffic in 1 hour. Contact Us. Permanent pothole repair for roads, pavements, driveways and car parks. It gained HAPAS Approved in 2002, and is instantly trafficable causing minimal disruption to pedestrians. Even in the low single digit’s temperature today we had this… Da-Lee Pavement Products on LinkedIn: Before, during and after of the. com. Cold Lay Tarmac. SCJ - Tack Coat Spray. HAPAS approved since 2002, Instant Road Repair offers a first time permanent repair and is instantly trafficable causing minimal disruption to motorists. 1, 2012 - PRLog -- In recent years we have all experienced out of the ordinary extreme weather, conditions from severe flooding in Europe and Asia, earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Pacific Rim and. co. Out of Stock Online . Enviro Mastic. 3d. Suitable for planned repairs. It has been HAPAS approved since 2005 and can be opened to traffic in 2 hours. It is perfect for use on pedestrian crossings, junctions, roundabouts, footbridges, subways, steel plates and manhole covers. uk Order: orders@instarmac. 1 unit covers 1sqm at 12-15mm depths, so use a calculation of 1 unit (bag. Ex VAT. 95 + VAT £124. 96 Ex VAT . Can be used as a tack coat by spraying. Ultracrete Instant Road Repair 6mm 25KG TubQC10 F is a rapid setting, fibre modified concrete for backfilling around manhole frames and gullies and can also be used for surface repairs. 85 . Product code. Not only does EZ Street Asphalt work in ALL weather conditions, it even works in water. Ideally suited for use on bituminous /asphalt and cementitious paving and road substrates. UltraCrete Instant Road Repair Red is ideal for permanent repairs to cushions and ramps, bus lanes, cycle tracks, bus stops and colour coded car parking. UltraCrete Instaline. Set time: 1 – 2 hours. Download BIM Sponsored Magma UltraCrack L270 MMA Overbanding &. This system gives the same performance as hot material. As valued Ultracrete stockists, we’re here to help you make the best choice for your domestic or commercial project. HAPAS approved since 2005, SCJ prevents water ingress which improves bond and prolongs the life of your repair. Set time: 20 minutes. Cold lay asphalt concrete. uk PSV 60 Colour black Coverage Approx 1m2 at 12-15mm compacted,. ” If you would like to be one of the first to try Enviro Mastic, an exceptional NEW hot applied, polymer modified mastic asphalt from UltraCrete please email Ultracrete@instarmac. Instarmac Group plc. Instarmac achieved their first ISO 9001 accreditation for Quality. View Details. Rapid set: 15 minutes. Soften the mixture by simply applying a slight amount of pressure to the side of the bag. 5030349010328. VAT - £ 41. 5 tonne tail lift vehicles, dropped kerbside. Workability: 5 – 10 minutes. Instarmac UltraCrete Permanent Pothole Repair. UltraCrete Line Marking Paint (LMP) is a solvent based marking paint, ideal as an effective and quick method for line or spot marking in road and pot hole repairs, car parks, warehouses, building sites, sports areas, excavation sites, mining, turf marking and landscape sites. A 10 mm grade, HAPAS approved, cold lay asphalt concrete surfacing that provides instant, first time permanent reinstatement which, when compacted, can be trafficked immediately. Ultracrete SCJ Cold Joint Spray is a sealer applied onto the vertical edges & surface base of a pothole before the application of cold lay tarmac or asphalt. Tough Patch® 10mm grade is a rapid curing, permanent cold-lay surfacing material (PCSM) suitable for permanent repairs in type 3 & 4 roads and temporary / emergency repairs in higher category roads. Free next day express delivery. It can be used to seal and waterproof voids up to 5mm in width. 160mm couplings. The product can be used from 10mm-75mm in one pass, with greater depths possible using the layer-upon-layer method. Colour. Brand. 85 (Ex VAT) SKU: 956 Category: Tarmac Repair Brand: Instarmac. Tarmac & Pothole Repair We offer a range of permanent pothole repair & pothole filler materials such as Ultracrete Permanent Pothole Repair, instant tarmac including Ultracrete Instant Road Repair 6 & 10mm, cold joint sealants, line marker paints and anti-skid patch repair. 5. 95. 401 for details on the unmissable opportunity to be an exclusive licensee or distributor of world class road repair products. Verified 5 months ago . Da-Lee Pavement Products offers the world’s leading premium asphalt road repair solutions. 45 per KG. 4,257 followers. Coverage: 10 linear metres, based on width of 60mm and 2mm thickness. Keep up-to-date with the latest news from UltraCrete HQ by following them on Twitter @Ultracrete_UK or. 5030349010328. Workability: 5 – 10 minutes. Instagrip is ideal for the patching and reinstating of high friction areas after maintenance work has taken place. No need to prime. Ultibed Concrete is available in both 25kg water resistant plastic bags or tubs. Ultracrete Instant Road Repair SKIM COATED STONE 60-100% CAS number: — Classification Not Classified PAVING GRADE BITUMEN 1-5% CAS number: 8052-42-4 EC number: 232-490-9 REACH registration number: 01-2119480172-44-0007 Classification Not Classified The full text for all hazard statements is displayed in Section 16. Ensure area is clean from debris 2. Ultracrete Instant Road Repair 6mm 25KG TubInstarmac Group plc, developers of the world's number one pothole repair, are looking for exclusive manufacturing licensees around the globe. It gained HAPAS Approved in 2002, and is instantly trafficable causing minimal disruption to pedestrians. Instarmac Permanent Pothole Repair® is a first time permanent pothole repair which has been continuously developed over the past 40 years and used all around the world with excellent results. INSTARMAC, Repair asphalt patches in roads, driveways and driveways with our range of quality asphalt repair products. UltraCem can be used to form screeds that are bonded,. Technical. Depth: 10-50mm. Instant Road Repair 10mm Tub 25kg. 1. Excellent compatibility. £ 21. Reviews Instarmac UltraCrete Instant Road Repair Red UltraCrete Instant Road Repair Red is ideal for permanent repairs to cushions and ramps, bus lanes, cycle tracks, bus. co. Patch Repair Mortars. ULTIPATCH Overbanding thermoplastic tape creates a waterproof seal to stop water ingress, reduces the issues with freeze / thaw damage and prolongs the life of the repair. co. Instarmac’s Canadian partner, Da-Lee Pavement Products, have recently began production of world renowned Instarmac Permanent Pothole Repair® at their state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Ontario, Canada. Can be trafficked instantly in wet, freezing and hot conditions and is compatible with existing road surfaces. £25. Ltd. Can be used in all weathers. 15; Product Code Choose Option. After 2 years of intricate planning, designing, building and testing, our state-of-the-art cement line is finally being installed. Instarmac UltraCrete SCJ Seal & Tack Coat Spray. Instarmac UltraCrete Enviro Mastic, a hot applied polymer modified mastic asphalt that gives superior performance in the patching and repairing of carriageways, footpaths, footways and cycle tracks or as a surface finish when installing street furniture and access covers. SCJ Tack Coat & Joint…. Perma-Soil turns excavated spoil into backfill within minutes. Manufactured under license for Instarmac Group plc. INSTARMAC. Use with SCJ Seal and Tack spray for a. We supply this permanent pothole repair in 25kg quantities in resealable tubs or foil bags. £11. Instarmac Permanent Road Repair 6mm, is a Permanent Cold Lay Surfacing Asphalt Concrete for first time permanent repairs in asphalt. TAMWORTH, U. Suitable for the infill of voids from 10-100mm, the product is a very dense low permeability material, which does not suffer damage from freeze/thaw conditions. VAT. (Greater depths can be achieved by applying.